Sources
The sources behind our answers, one by one
Each page below explains one source: who publishes it, which Prudai products consult it, how it is retrieved and, just as importantly, what it does not cover.
The catalogue holds 170 sources; of those, 80 have a page of their own.
The complete catalogue (including the sources without a page yet) is on the knowledge-source map: view all knowledge sources.
Legislation
CVDR (lokale regelgeving)KOOP database of consolidated, current by-laws and policy rules of Dutch municipalities, provinces and water authorities.About this source
Duits recht (NeuRIS)German federal legislation and case law of the federal courts (incl. BVerfG, BGH, BFH, BAG and BVerwG) from the Federal Republic's legal-information portal, which is still in a test phase. No state law.About this source
EUR-LexOfficial EU law database: treaties, regulations, directives and EU case law.About this source
Officiële BekendmakingenKOOP platform for the Government Gazette, Bulletin of Acts, treaties and local official journals.About this source
VerdragenbankOfficial Foreign Affairs registry of all treaties of the Kingdom: status, parties, entry into force and reservations.About this source
Wetten.overheid.nlOfficial Dutch legislation database (KOOP): consolidated national laws and regulations.About this source
Case law
HuurcommissieRulings and policy on rent and service-cost disputes.About this source
KifidFinancial Services Complaints Institute: rulings on financial disputes.About this source
Raad van Arbitrage in bouwgeschillenArbitral awards in construction disputes.About this source
Rechtspraak.nlOpen data on Dutch case law (rulings by ECLI, keyword, area of law or date), plus the judiciary's procedural rules and sentencing guidance.About this source
Scheidsgerecht GezondheidszorgArbitral awards of the Healthcare Arbitration Tribunal on employment and governance disputes within care institutions.About this source
SKGZHealth-insurance disputes: rulings of the Health Insurance Disputes Committee.About this source- Tuchtrecht.nlDisciplinary-tribunal decisions across Dutch professions (medical, legal, etc.).About this source
Tax
BelastingdienstOfficial Dutch Tax Administration information: knowledge-group positions and tax policy.About this source
Europese Commissie: Belastingen & Douane (DG TAXUD)Official EU source for taxation and customs (DG TAXUD): VAT rules and rates, VIES number validation, customs procedures and CBAM.About this source
Jongbloed Fiscaal JuristenTax-advisory firm; publicly accessible practice commentary (columns, Q&A and dossiers). The firm's own views, not Tax Administration positions.About this source
Parliament
Government & open data
Algemene RekenkamerAudits of the efficiency and legitimacy of central-government spending.About this source
Autoriteit Consument & Markt (ACM)Regulator for competition, consumer protection and regulated sectors: decisions and guidelines, sector regulation (method and tariff decisions for energy, telecoms and post) and market studies.About this source
Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP)Dutch privacy regulator: GDPR guidance, fining decisions and positions.About this source
CBS StatLineOpen statistics from Statistics Netherlands (CBS).About this source
Centraal PlanbureauEconomic analyses, forecasts and assessments of policy and public finances.About this source
College voor de Rechten van de MensOpinions of the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights on discrimination and equal treatment. Authoritative, but not a court ruling and not legally binding.About this source
data.overheid.nlNational government data portal: a register that describes datasets from ministries, provinces, municipalities and other public bodies and links to the data holder. It covers both open and closed data.About this source
ECB & ECB-bankentoezichtPublications on monetary policy, financial stability and banking supervision.About this source
ENISA (European Union Agency for Cybersecurity)News and guidance from ENISA, the EU cybersecurity agency, on NIS2, threat landscapes and more.About this source
ESMAPublications, answers and sanctions records on European securities and markets supervision.About this source
Europese Bankautoriteit (EBA)Guidelines, publications and answers on European banking regulation.About this source
GEMMA & NORAReference architectures for municipalities (GEMMA) and government-wide (NORA).About this source
Genootschap van BurgemeestersGuidance on mayoral powers, public order and local government.About this source
iBabs (gemeenteraadsstukken)Meeting documents and decisions of municipal councils and other public bodies.About this source
Informatiebeveiligingsdienst (IBD)Information Security Service of the Association of Netherlands Municipalities: point of contact for municipalities on information security and privacy, with knowledge of the BIO baseline. The statutory CSIRT tasks for municipalities are carried out by the NCSC.About this source
Inspectie Gezondheidszorg en Jeugd (IGJ)News and enforcement decisions of the Dutch Health and Youth Care Inspectorate.About this source
Interprovinciaal Overleg (IPO)News and positions of the Association of Provincial Authorities (IPO).About this source
Nationale ombudsmanInvestigations, reports and decisions on relations between citizens and government.About this source
NCSC (beveiligingsadviezen)Security advisories from the Dutch National Cyber Security Centre: vulnerabilities and threats with their CVEs and CVSS scores.About this source
NIPVNetherlands Institute for Public Safety: crisis management and safety regions.About this source
Notubiz (gemeente-, provincie- en waterschapsstukken)Council documents (agendas, proposals, motions and minutes) of hundreds of Dutch municipalities, provinces and water authorities via the Notubiz platform.About this source
open.overheid.nlCentral platform for proactively disclosed government information (Woo): ministerial letters to parliament, Woo decisions and policy documents. Since late April 2026 the central government publishes its letters to parliament here instead of on rijksoverheid.nl.About this source
PUC (Publicatieplatform)Government publication platform (KOOP): policy rules and implementation guidance.About this source
RijksbegrotingOfficial state-budget documents: budgets, annual reports and the Miljoenennota.About this source- Rijksoverheid.nlOfficial central-government portal: policy, explanations, news and publications of the cabinet and ministries. Letters to parliament until late April 2026; newer ones are on open.overheid.nl.About this source
RVONetherlands Enterprise Agency; incl. BENG requirements and energy labels.About this source
Sociaal en Cultureel PlanbureauResearch and publications on Dutch society and social policy.About this source
Unie van WaterschappenNews and positions of the Dutch Water Authorities association.About this source
UWVEmployee-insurance administration agency: policy rules and knowledge documents.About this source
VNGAssociation of Netherlands Municipalities: guidance and model by-laws.About this source- WODCResearch reports on law, crime, security and migration.About this source
Registers
BAG (Kadaster)Registry of Addresses and Buildings: official address and building data.About this source
BIG-register (CIBG)Official register of qualified healthcare professionals; verify a BIG number and profession.About this source
BOIP BeneluxmerkenregisterThe official trademark register of the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property (BOIP) for Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.About this source
Centraal InsolventieregisterThe statutory public register of bankruptcies, moratoriums and debt restructurings (Wsnp), kept by the judiciary.About this source
CORDIS (EU Horizon)EU database of research and innovation projects (Horizon).About this source
EPO (octrooien, Octrooiverdrag en kamers van beroep)European Patent Office: patent data via Open Patent Services, the European Patent Convention with the Guidelines and the Case Law book, and the decisions of the Boards of Appeal.About this source
EUIPO (merkenregister)EU Intellectual Property Office: EU trade marks and designs.About this source
Europese Commissie: MededingingszakenPublic cases and decisions on competition, mergers and state aid.About this source
KvK HandelsregisterThe official Dutch business register: legal form, directors and establishments of companies.About this source
Healthcare
Apotheek.nlOfficial public information from the KNMP on medicines and usage advice.About this source
Farmacotherapeutisch KompasIndependent medication information (dosing, indications, contraindications).About this source
Nedap ONSNedap care record system. Connecting it requires separate setup and authorisation from the care organisation.About this source
NZaPolicy rules, tariff decisions and knowledge documents from the Dutch Healthcare Authority.About this source
RichtlijnendatabaseEvidence-based medical guidelines from the Dutch scientific medical societies.About this source
Thuisarts.nlPublic patient information on symptoms and self-care, developed by GPs (NHG).About this source
Trimbos-instituutPublic knowledge and publications on mental health, alcohol, tobacco and drugs.About this source
VGNGuidelines, manuals and knowledge base from the disability-care sector association.About this source
VoedingscentrumPublic information on healthy nutrition, diet and nutrients.About this source
Construction & environment
IPLO: Informatiepunt LeefomgevingGovernment knowledge centre for the physical living environment: Omgevingswet guidance.About this source
NENStandards body: public catalogue information about NEN standards. Access to standard texts is subject to separate terms.About this source
Omgevingswet en bestemmingsplannenLocation-based rules from the Omgevingswet system (DSO/OZON): the local environment plans, provincial environment ordinances and water-authority ordinances, and the zoning plans (bestemmingsplannen) that still apply as the temporary part of the environment plan (zoning, building envelope, eaves and building height).About this source
Planbureau voor de LeefomgevingResearch and publications on the environment, nature, spatial planning and climate policy.About this source
Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel ErfgoedThe national monuments register with listed buildings, protected townscapes and world heritage per address, plus knowledge and publications on monuments, archaeology and cultural heritage.About this source
Literature & commentary
Binnenlands Bestuur (vakmedia decentrale overheid)News references and summaries for public administration. Does not include full subscription articles.About this source
De Letselschade RaadGuidelines and code of conduct (GBL) for handling personal-injury claims.About this source
IIA Nederland (Instituut van Internal Auditors)News and professional commentary from IIA Netherlands, the internal auditors' professional body. The professional standards themselves (the Global Internal Audit Standards) are not included.About this source
NOREA (beroepsorganisatie van IT-auditors)News and professional commentary from NOREA, the professional body of IT auditors. The professional rules and standards themselves (such as standards 3000 and 3402) are not included.About this source
OpenAlexOpen scholarly index with descriptions of publications (title, authors, abstract, where to find them), including a selection of Dutch law journals. No full texts: most works are not open access.About this source
Reclame Code Commissie (SRC)Self-regulation: rulings of the Dutch Advertising Code Committee and its appeal board on advertisements, tested against the Dutch Advertising Code. The outcome is a recommendation, not a court ruling.About this source
Vereniging HogescholenNews and positions of the Netherlands Association of Universities of Applied Sciences.About this source
Zorg+Welzijn (vakmedium sociaal domein)Trade journalism from Zorg+Welzijn on practice and policy in the Dutch social domain. Only the title and editorial summary are available, never the full article (paywall).About this source
